north cascades

Botany: Grooving in Old Growth Groves

Bolin, Charles. “Western Red Cedar.” Montana Outdoors, Sep/Oct 2014. http://fwp.mt.gov/mtoutdoors/HTML/articles/portraits/2014/cedar.htm

Denniston, Ken. “Douglas Fir.” Northwest Conifers. Accessed February 2018. http://nwconifers.com/nwlo/douglas-fir.htm

- - -. “Western Hemlock.” Northwest Conifers. Accessed February 2018. http://nwconifers.com/nwlo/whemlock.htm

- - -. “Western Red Cedar.” Northwest Conifers. Accessed February 2018. http://nwconifers.com/nwlo/wredcedar.htm

Earle, Christopher J. “Tsuga heterophylla.” The Gymnosperm Database. Accessed February 2018. https://www.conifers.org/pi/Tsuga_heterophylla.php

Hooper, Katy (Park Ranger, North Cascades National Park Service Complex) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. February 26, 2019.

Matthews, Daniel. Cascade- Olympic Natural History: A Trailside Reference. Portland, OR: Raven Editions, 1999.

National Park Service. “North Cascades: Forests.” Accessed February 2018. https://www.nps.gov/noca/learn/nature/forests.htm

Washington Native Plant Society. “Alpine Ecosystem.” Accessed February 2018. https://www.wnps.org/ecosystems?highlight=WyJub3J0aCIsImNhc2NhZGVzIiwiY2FzY2FkZXMnIiwibm9ydGggY2FzY2FkZXMiXQ==

US Department of the Interior. US Department of Agriculture. Silvics of North America Volume 1, 

Conifers, by Russell M. Burns and Barbara H. Honkala. Washington DC, 1990. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654_vol1.pdf

sequoia

Botany: Seeing the Forest in Future Tense

Rick Cain, National Park Service. “Redwood Mountain Virtual Tour- Part 1 of 2.” Online video, 9:05, 2011. https://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm?id=00112E70-B51A-6F1E-3F6B75D4F73490BB&utm_source=Video&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=experience_more

Daly, Jennifer. “The Biogeography of the Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum).” San Francisco State University, Department of Geography. Accessed TK. http://online.sfsu.edu/bholzman/courses/Fall00Projects/Sequoia.html

National Park Service. “Giant Sequoias.” Accessed TK. https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/nature/bigtrees.htm

Romero, Ezra David. “Months After The Rough Fire Millions Of Giant Sequoia Seedlings Take Root.” Valley Public Radio, May 5, 2016. https://www.kvpr.org/post/months-after-rough-fire-millions-giant-sequoia-seedlings-take-root

Stephenson, Nathan (Research Ecologist, US Geological Survey) email with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. March 25, 2019. 

- - -. email with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. April 24, 2019. 

US Department of the Interior. National Park Service. The Giant Sequoias of California, by Lawrence F. Cook. Washington, D.C., 1955. https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/cook/sec6.htm

US Department of Agriculture. US Forest Service. Evolution and History of Giant Sequoia, general technical report, by H. Thomas Harvey. Berkeley, CA, 1986. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/27502

Wildlife: Headbanging Socialists

The Cornell Lab. “All About Birds: Acorn Woodpecker.” Accessed TK. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Acorn_Woodpecker/overview

Flint, Allen (Park Guide, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks) phone call and emails with Emily Hoff. March 22. 2019. 

Hauserman, Samantha. “Why Don’t Woodpeckers Get Headaches?” Arizona State University Ask a Biologist (blog), January 23, 2012. https://askabiologist.asu.edu/plosable/woodpeckers

Hayes, Gary. “Acorn Woodpecker at Sequoia National Park.” Geotripper’s California Birds (blog), October 16, 2016. http://geotripperbirds.blogspot.com/2016/10/acorn-woodpecker-at-sequoia-national.html

- - -. “Happy as an Acorn Woodpecker in an Acorn Woodpecker Tree (with apologies to Randy Newman).” Geotripper’s California Birds (blog), December 2, 2017.  http://geotripperbirds.blogspot.com/2017/12/happy-as-acorn-woodpecker-in-acorn.html

Winter, Russell (Field lead, Acorn Woodpecker Project, Hastings Museum of Natural History) 

emails with Emily Hoff. April 1, 2019.

king’s canyon

Geology: Standing Under Ice

Boiano, Danny (Aquatic Ecologist, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks) and Erik Meyer (Ecologist, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks) email with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. May 7, 2019. 

Kramer, Sarah (climate change journalist/ exhibition writer, American Museum of Natural History/ paper engineer) Skype call with Emily Hoff. March 28, 2019. 

- - - (climate change journalist/ exhibition writer, American Museum of Natural History/ paper engineer) email with Emily Hoff. May 1, 2019. 

Moore, James G., and Barry C. Moring. “Rangewide glaciation in the Sierra Nevada, California.” Geosphere Volume 9, no 6 (2013): 1804–1818. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00891.1

National Park Service. “Sequoia and Kings Canyon: Geology Overview.” March 2019. https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/nature/geology_overview.htm

lassen volcanic

Geology: The Sweet Smell of Hell

Ball, Jessica (Associate Scientist-in-Charge for Hazard Assessment and Communication, California Volcano Observatory) phone call with Emily Hoff. March 21, 2019. 

- - - (Associate Scientist-in-Charge for Hazard Assessment and Communication, California Volcano Observatory) email with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. March 26, 2019. 

Camp, Vic. “How Volcanoes Work: Volcanic Gases.” NASA and San Diego State University. Accessed March 2019. http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Volcanic_gases.html#anchor120036

Miksha, Ron. “What’s that Smell?” The Mountain Mystery (blog), September 12, 2014. https://mountainmystery.com/2014/09/12/whats-that-smell/

National Aeronautic and Space Administration. The Microbes of the Sulphur Works Area: A Field Guide. No date. https://spacescience.arc.nasa.gov/microbes/STEP/documents_2011/Lassen/Fire%20and%20Ice%20-%20Microbes%20near%20Sulphur%20Works%20-%20A%20Field%20Guide.pdf

Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. “Have you ever wondered what comes out of a volcano (other than lava?).” Accessed March 2019. https://eps.harvard.edu/faq/have-you-ever-wondered-what-comes-out-volcano-other-lava

US Department of the Interior. US Geological Survey. “Hot Water” in Lassen Volcanic National Park— Fumaroles, Steaming Ground, and Boiling Mudpots, USGS Volcano Hazards Fact Sheet, by Michael A. Clynne, Cathy J. Janik, and L.J.P. Muffler, Online pdf. 2003. https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs101-02/

US Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program. “Volcanic gases can be harmful to health, vegetation and infrastructure.” Accessed March 2019. https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/gas.html

Wall, Mike. “Uranus Smells Like Rotten Eggs.” Space.com. April 23, 2018. https://www.space.com/40374-uranus-clouds-smell-rotten-eggs.html

Wildlife: Bird-Brained Forestry

Axelson, Gustav. “Soul Mates: Nutcrackers, Whitebark Pine, and a Bond That Holds an Ecosystem Together.” Living Bird, Autumn 2015. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/soul-mates-nutcrackers-whitebark-pine-and-a-bond-that-holds-an-ecosystem-together/

National Park Service. “Lassen: Plants.” Accessed March 2019. https://www.nps.gov/lavo/learn/nature/plants.htm

National Park Service. “Clark’s Nutcrackers.” Accessed March 2019. https://www.nps.gov/romo/learn/nature/clarks_nutcracker.htm

Ogden, Lesley Evans. “Better Know a Bird: The Clark's Nutcracker and Its Obsessive Seed Hoarding.” Audubon.org, November 8, 2016. https://www.audubon.org/news/better-know-bird-clarks-nutcracker-and-its-obsessive-seed-hoarding

Schaming, Taza (PhD Student, Cornell University) email with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. March 19, 2019.  

AAT: Mount Tehama: Missing Mountain

Buckley, Steve (Ecologist / Botanist, Lassen Volcanic National Park) and Gregory Purifoy (Park Guide, Spanish Language Interpreter, Kohm Yah-mah-nee Visitor Center Lead, Lassen Volcanic National Park) email with Emily Hoff. June 10, 2019. 

Hayes, Gary. “The Mountain That No Climber Can Ever Summit: Mt. Tehama (the Brokeoff Volcano).” Geotripper (blog), October 29, 2013. http://geotripper.blogspot.com/2013/10/the-mountain-that-no-climber-can-ever.html

National Park Service. Volcanoes of Lassen. 2014. https://www.nps.gov/lavo/learn/nature/upload/Volcanoes-site-bulletin.pdf

redwood

Botany: Redwoods and Carbon--A Love Story

Hart, Carol, Ph.D, and Jackson Vanfleet-Brown. “Carbon Storage.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=26107 

Joyce, Christopher. “Scientists Turn Trees Into Carbon Banks.” NPR, November 27, 2009. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120849322 

Lockwood, Melissa (Park Guide-North District, Redwood National and State Parks) email with Maygen Keller. June 4, 2019.

National Park Service. Redwood National and State Parks: Visitor Guide. 2018. https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/news/upload/RNSP_VG_June_2018-FINAL-508.pdf

Save the Redwoods League. “Redwoods Rising.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwoods-rising/ 

Szalay, Jessie. “Giant Sequoias and Redwoods: The Largest and Tallest Trees.” LiveScience.com, May 5, 2017. https://www.livescience.com/39461-sequoias-redwood-trees.html

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. “Carbon.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/carbon/tools/#gtrnrs18  

https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/niacs/forests/carbonsequestration/

Wildlife: Tagging Along with Gray Whales 

Eschner, Kat. “A new study on whales suggests Darwin didn't quite get it right.” Popsci.com, April 9, 2018. https://www.popsci.com/rorqual-whale-evolution-darwin/

Kasnoff, Craig. “Gray Whale.” Bagheera.com. Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.bagheera.com/gray-whale/

Lockwood, Melissa (Park Guide-North District, Redwood National and State Parks) email with Maygen Keller. June 4, 2019.

National Park Service. California Gray Whale Migration. 2017. https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/nature/california-gray-whale-migration.htm

- - - Marine Mammals. 2017. https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/nature/marine-mammals.htm

- - - Wildlife Viewing. 2017. https://www.nps.gov/redw/planyourvisit/wildlife-viewing.htm

Smithsonian Institution. Evolution of Whales Animation. 2014. https://ocean.si.edu/through-time/ancient-seas/evolution-whales-animation

channel islands

Botany: A Rain Forest Beneath the Waves 

Koehn, Katie Davis (Research Scientist, Marine Science Institute at UC Santa Barbara) email with Emily Hoff. March 22, 2019. 

Monterey Bay Aquarium. “Giant Kelp.” Accessed March 2019. https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animal-guide/plants-and-algae/giant-kelp

National Marine Sanctuaries. “Kelp Forests.” Accessed March 2019. https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/visit/ecosystems/kelpdesc.html

National Park Service. “Giant Kelp.” Accessed March 2019. https://www.nps.gov/articles/giant-kelp.htm

- - -. “Kelp Forests.” Accessed March 2019. https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/nature/kelp-forests.htm

- - -. “Kelp Forest Community Monitoring.” Accessed March 2019. https://www.nps.gov/im/medn/kelp-forest-communities.htm

University of Southern Florida, College of Marine Sciences. Kelp Forests. Spring 2002. https://www.marine.usf.edu/pjocean/packets/sp02/sp02u1p4.pdf

pinnacles

Wildlife: The Secret Lives of Wild Bees

Hager, Rachel. “Tiny But Mighty! Pinnacles National Park Home To Record-breaking 450 Native Bee Species.” Utah Public Radio, January 18, 2019. https://www.upr.org/post/tiny-mighty-pinnacles-national-park-home-record-breaking-450-native-bee-species

Johnson, Paul (Wildlife Biologist, Pinnacles National Park) emails with Maygen Keller. June 12, 2019. 

Meiners, Joan M., Terry L. Griswold, and Olivia Messinger Carril. “Decades of native bee biodiversity surveys at Pinnacles National Park highlight the importance of monitoring natural areas over time.” PLOS ONE, (December 14, 2018). https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/11/05/462986.full.pdf

National Park Service. “Bees of Pinnacles National Park.” Accessed TK. https://www.nps.gov/pinn/learn/nature/bees.htm

- - -. “The Buzz on Long-Term Bee Monitoring.” Bay Area Science and Nature Blog, November 2018. https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-buzz-on-long-term-bee-monitoring.htm

National Park Service Pacific Coast Science and Learning Center. “Bees.” Accessed TK. https://www.nps.gov/rlc/pacificcoast/bees.htm

Parlee, Zach. “Native Bee Series: Cuckoo Bee.” Planet Bee Foundation blog, April 8, 2018. https://www.planetbee.org/planet-bee-blog//native-bee-series-cuckoo-bees

Pawelek, Jaime and Rollin Coville. “Cuckoo Bees.” UC Berkeley Urban Bee Lab. Accessed TK. http://www.helpabee.org/cuckoo-bees.html

AAT: Talus: A Different Kind Of Cave

Despain, Joel. Crystal Cave: A Guidebook to the Underground World of Sequoia National Park. United States: Sequoia Natural History Association, 1995.

National Park Service. “Cave / Karst Systems.” Accessed March 2019. https://www.nps.gov/pinn/learn/nature/cave.htm

yellowstone

Geology: E.T. Phone Yellowstone  

Geesey, Gill (Microbiologist, Montana State University) phone call with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. June 13, 2017.

- - - emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. January 23, 2019.

Montana State University. Living Colors: Microbes of Yellowstone National Park. Heather Rauser, editor. Yellowstone National Park: Yellowstone Forever, 2013. 

- - -. Microbes of Yellowstone National Park Identification Guide Wheel. MSU Thermal Biology Institute, 2013. 

- - -. “Science of the Springs Reading Guide Answer Key.” Accessed October 2018. http://tbi.montana.edu/-educationmaterials/scienceofthespringsanswer.pdf

Botany: Lodgepoles Love Lava

National Park Service. “Influence of Geology.” Accessed October 2018. https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/influence-of-geology.htm

Pierce, Kenneth L., Don G. Despain, Lisa A. Morgan, and John M. Good. “The Yellowstone Hotspot, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, and Human Geography.” In Integrated Geoscience Studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area— Volcanic, Tectonic, and Hydrothermal Processes in the Yellowstone Geoecosystem, edited by Lisa A. Morgon. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1717/downloads/pdf/p1717A.pdf

Smith, Robert B. and Lee J. Siegel. Windows into the Earth: The Geologic Story of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 

Tinker, Dan (Associate Professor, Botany Department/ Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming) emails with Emily Hoff. January 24, 2019. 

Wildlife: Staying Comfortable Comes With Costs

Berini, John (PhD Student, University of Minnesota) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. November 29, 2018. 

Berini, John L., and Catherine Badgley. “Diet segregation in American bison (Bison bison) of Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming, USA).” BMC Ecology (2017). https://bmcecol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12898-017-0137-9

Christianson, David A., Peter J. Gogan, Kevin M. Podruzny, and Edward Olexa. “Incisor Wear and Age in Yellowstone Bison.” Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(2): 669-676 (2005). http://buffalofieldcampaign.org/legal/esacitations/Christianson_et_al_Incisor_wear_and_age_in_Yellowstone_bison.pdf

Garrott, Robert A., Patrick J. White, Fred G.R. Watson. The Ecology of Large Mammals in Central Yellowstone: Sixteen Years of Integrated Field Studies. San Diego: Academic Press, 2009. 

National Park Service. “Bison FAQ.” Accessed October 2018. https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/bisonfaq.htm

US Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone Resources and Issues Handbook. Wyoming, 2018. https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/upload/RI_2018_sm.pdf

Yellowstone Bison: Conserving an American Icon in Modern Society. Edited by P.J. White, Rick 

L. Wallen, and David E. Hallac. Yellowstone National Park: Yellowstone Association, 2015. https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/upload/Yellowstone_Bison_ForWeb.pdf

grand teton

Geology: Mountain Building Stretch Marks

Bentley, Callan. “Mount Moran.” Mountain Beltway (blog), September 9, 2010. https://mountainbeltway.wordpress.com/2010/09/09/mount-moran/

Love, J. D., and John C. Reed, Jr. Creation Of The Teton Landscape: The Geologic Story Of Grand Teton National Park. Moose, Wyoming: Grand Teton Natural History Association, 1971. https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/grte/grte_geology/sec3.htm

National Park Service. “Geologic Activity.” Accessed 2019. https://www.nps.gov/grte/learn/nature/geology.htm

- - -. Journey Through the Past: A Geologic Tour. No date. https://www.nps.gov/grte/planyourvisit/upload/geology-access.pdf

- - -. “The Teton Fault.” Online video, 2:16. April 1, 2011. https://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm?id=24F0767B-155D-451F-67DC5CF8D9D26B82

Terry, Dennis (Associate Professor, Department of Earth & Environmental Science at Temple University) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. January 31 2019. 

- - - phone call with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. March 2, 2019.

- - - emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. September 5 2019. 

Thackray, Glenn D., and Amie E. Staley. "Systematic variation of Late Pleistocene fault scarp height in the Teton Range, Wyoming, USA: Variable fault slip rates or variable landform ages?" Geosphere 13, no. 2 (2017): 287-300. https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/quaternary/stories/what_fault.html 

Rowan, Chris. “The fault that made a mountain range.” Highly Allochthonous (blog), September 8, 2010. http://all-geo.org/highlyallochthonous/2010/09/the-fault-that-made-a-mountain-range/

Smith, Robert B. and Lee J. Siegel. Windows into the Earth: The Geologic Story of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 

Wildlife: Survivor--Ice Age America Edition

American Museum of Natural History. “Horns and Antlers: What’s the Difference?” AMNH.org, August 31, 2016. https://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/news-posts/horns-and-antlers-what-s-the-difference

National Park Service. Mammals. 2011. 

https://www.nps.gov/grte/planyourvisit/upload/mammals12-access.pdf

- - -. “Pronghorn.” Accessed January 2019. https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/pronghorn.htm

- - -. “Pronghorn Antelope - Antilocapra americana.” Accessed January 2019. https://www.nps.gov/wica/learn/nature/pronghorn-antelope-antidactyla-americana.htm

- - -. Pronghorn: Antilocapra americana. No date. https://www.nps.gov/brca/planyourvisit/upload/pronghorn.pdf

Popescu, Adam. “America’s pronghorns are survivors of a mass extinction.” BBC Earth, April 4, 2017. http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170403-americas-pronghorns-are-survivors-of-a-mass-extinction

Switek, Brian. “Where the Deer and Giraffoids Play.” Laelaps (blog), August 31, 2016. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/where-the-deer-and-giraffoids-play/

Tong, Wenfei. “Terrible Twins: It’s Tough Being a Pronghorn in Utero.” Montana Public Radio, May 14, 2017. http://www.mtpr.org/post/terrible-twins-its-tough-being-pronghorn-utero

Botany: A Brush with the Sage 

Emerick, John. Rocky Mountain National Park Natural History Handbook. New York: Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1994.

National Park Service. “Trees and Shrubs.” Accessed January 2019. https://www.nps.gov/grte/learn/nature/trees.htm

Sakaluk, Scott K., and W. Andrew Snedden. "Nightly calling durations of male sagebrush crickets, Cyphoderris strepitans: size, mating and seasonal effects." Oikos (1990): 153-160. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271782890_Nightly_Calling_Durations_of_Male_Sagebrush_Crickets_Cyphoderris_strepitans_Size_Mating_and_Seasonal_EffectsShultz, Leila (Professor Emeritus, Utah State University) email with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. January 31, 2019. 

- - -. Pocket Guide to Sagebrush. Point Blue Conservation Science, 2012. http://www.sagestep.org/pubs/pubs/sagebrush_pock_guide.pdf

Ryan, Terry. “The Story Behind Sagebrush, An Icon of the West.” Montana Public Radio, May 1, 2017. http://www.mtpr.org/post/story-behind-sagebrush-icon-west

US Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Grand Teton National Park & John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway: Resource Report 2017, edited by Holly McKinney. Moose, Wyoming, USA, 2018. https://www.nps.gov/grte/learn/nature/upload/2017-grte-vital-signs-access-final.pdf

glacier

“The glaciers of Glacier National Park: See them before they are gone.” Great Falls Tribune, July 11, 2018. https://www.greatfallstribune.com/story/life/2018/06/29/glaciers-glacier-national-park-montana-see-them-before-climate-change-melts-them/746022002/

Pariona, Ameber. "The Glaciers Of Glacier National Park: Will They Disappear By 2030?" WorldAtlas. Accessed Fall 2018. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-glaciers-of-glacier-national-park-will-they-disappear-by-2030.html

United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. “Waterton Glacier International Peace Park.” Accessed Fall 2018. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/354

Geology: Ancient Algae

Bosak, Tanja, Andrew H. Knoll, and Alexander P. Petroff. "The meaning of stromatolites." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 41 (2013): 21-44. http://bosaklab.scripts.mit.edu/www/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/annurev-earth-042711-105327_bosak_meaning-of-stromatolites.pdf

Hunt, ReBecca K. "Middle Proterozoic paleontology of the Belt Supergroup, Glacier National Park." New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 34 (2006): 57-62 https://books.google.com/bookshl=en&lr=&id=q1bmCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA57&dq=Middle+Proterozoic+paleontology+of+the+Belt+Supergroup,+Glacier+National+Park.&ots=5VQKfcyNuS&sig=WteFiQYq99suD9YY3Usfy_alLhY#v=onepage&q=Middle%20Proterozoic%20paleontology%20of%20the%20Belt%20Supergroup%2C%20Glacier%20National%20Park.&f=false

Hunt-Foster, ReBecca (Park Paleontologist/Museum Curator, Dinosaur National Monument) phone call with Emily Hoff. December 11, 2018.

- - - emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. January 11, 2019. 

National Park Service. “Fossils.” Accessed December 2018. https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/nature/fossils.htm

Raup, Omar B., Robert L. Earhart, James W. Whipple, and Paul E. Carrara. Geology Along Going-to-the-Sun Road Glacier National Park, Montana. West Glacier, MT: Glacier Natural History Association, 1983. 

Rockwell, David. Glacier National Park: A Natural History Guide. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995.

Wildlife: Safety and Pee--A Goat Story

Biel, Mark (Natural Resources Program Manager, Glacier National Park) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. December 13, 2018.

Crown of the Continent Research Learning Center. Resource Brief: Mountain Goats. 2018. https://www.nps.gov/rlc/crown/upload/Mountain-Goat-brief.pdf

Glacier National Park. “Unsure Footing: Glacier's Habituated Mountain Goats.” Online Video, 4:50. May 31, 2016. https://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm?id=50160300-1DD8-B71B-0BED9B5DDE41D6BD

National Park Service. “Wildlife Shepherding in Glacier National Park.” Accessed December 2018. https://www.nps.gov/articles/barkrangergracie.htm

Rice, Clifford G. "Mineral lick visitation by mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus." The Canadian Field-Naturalist 124, no. 3 (2010): 225-237. https://wdfw.wa.gov/publications/00009

Yin, Steph. “Mountain Goats on Your Trail? They Like You, and Your Urine.” The New York Times, August 3, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/03/science/mountain-goats-urine-pee-glacier-national-park-montana.html

Botany: Humbly Yours, the Huckleberry

Glacier National Park Conservancy. “Studying Huckleberries.” Accessed January 2019. https://glacier.org/newsblog/project/studying-huckleberries-wildlife-food-sources-climate-change/

Graves, Tabitha (Research Ecologist, US Geological Survey) email with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. January 27, 2019. 

Horowitz, Ellen. “Huckleberry Hounds: Sniffing out Montana’s delicious purple gem.” Montana Outdoors, July-August, 2004. http://fwp.mt.gov/mtoutdoors/HTML/articles/2004/Huckleberries.htm

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. “Lonicera involucrata.” Accessed January 2019. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=loin5

Matthews, Daniel. Rocky Mountain Natural History: Grand Teton to Jasper. Portland, OR: Raven Editions, 2003.

Moyer, Robina. “Bears, Berries, and Bees: The Implications of Changing Phenology.” Science in the Crown: Journal for the Crown of the Continent Research Learning Center 11 (Fall/Winter 2015): 1, 4-5. https://www.nps.gov/articles/bears-berries-bees.htm#12/48.5716/-114.0183

Rockwell, David. Glacier National Park: A Natural History Guide. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995.

US Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Fact Sheet: Twinberry Honeysuckle, by Dale Darris. Corvallis, OR 2011. https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_loin5.pdf

US Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center. “Predicting changes in Bear Foods.” Accessed January 2019. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/norock/science/climate-change-impacts-bear-foods?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

bryce canyon

Botany: Berry Deceitful 

DeMarco, Lois, and Jay Mengel. Identifying Trees of the West: An All-Season Guide to Western North America. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Press, 2015. 

National Park Service. “The Indomitable Juniper.” Accessed December 2018. https://www.nps.gov/cany/learn/nature/utahjuniper.htm

- - -. “Rocky Mountain Juniper.” Accessed December 2018. https://www.nps.gov/brca/learn/nature/rmjuniper.htm

Noble, Daniel L. "Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Rocky Mountain juniper." Silvics of North America 1 (1990): 116-126. http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/USDAFSSilvics/165.pdf

Peattie, Donald Culross. A Natural History of North American Trees. United States: Trinity University Press, 2013.

Vasquez, Eric (Vegetation Technician, Bryce Canyon National Park) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. December 17/20, 2018. August 28, 2019. 

Wildcard: The Long View 

Falchi, Fabio, and Pierantonio Cinzano, Dan Duriscoe, Christopher CM Kyba, Christopher D. Elvidge, Kimberly Baugh, Boris A. Portnov, Nataliya A. Rybnikova, and Riccardo Furgoni. "The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness." Science advances 2, no. 6 (2016): e1600377. http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/6/e1600377

National Park Service. “Astronomy & Night Sky Programs.” Accessed January 2019. https://www.nps.gov/brca/planyourvisit/astronomyprograms.htm

National Park Service. “A Canyon Alight With Stars: A Brief History of Astronomy at Bryce Canyon National Park.” Accessed January 2019. https://www.nps.gov/brca/planyourvisit/astrohistory.htm

National Park Service. “Lightscape / Night Sky.” Accessed January 2019. https://www.nps.gov/brca/learn/nature/lightscape.htm

Nordgren, Tyler (Astronomer/ Artist and Owner, Space Art Travel Bureau) email with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. January 10, 2019. 

Urban, Tim. “If Andromeda Were Brighter, This is What You’d See.” Wait But Why (blog), June 9, 2014. https://waitbutwhy.com/2014/06/andromeda-brighter-youd-see.html

Wildlife: A Curious Hum

Bastone, Kelly. “The Secret Lives of Hummingbirds.” National Parks Magazine, Fall 2012. https://www.npca.org/articles/1072-the-secret-lives-of-hummingbirds

Bell, Wayne. “Attracting Hummingbirds to Your Yard.” Conservation Corner leaflet 12 (2001): 1-2. http://www2.dnr.cornell.edu/ext/info/pubs/Wildlife/hummingbird%20fact%20sheet.pdf

The Cornell Lab. “All About Birds: Broad-tailed Hummingbird Life History.” Accessed April 2019. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Broad-tailed_Hummingbird/lifehistory

- - -. “All About Birds: Rufous Hummingbird.” Accessed April 2019. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Rufous_Hummingbird/overview

Haas, Sarah (Deputy Chief, Science & Resource Management, Grand Canyon National Park) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. April 17, 2019.

The Hummingbird Monitoring Network. “Monitoring.” Accessed April 2019. https://www.hummonnet.org/OurWork.html?fbclid=IwAR1-u2KxobFwCPkSb1sSD1whjMrxTcs2PjQZD5TWaxjx4CWHlX9TgmeH-kE#monitoring

Kaufman, Kenn. “Broad-tailed Hummingbird.” Audubon, Accessed April 2019. https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/broad-tailed-hummingbird

Kaufman, Kimberly, and Kenn Kaufman. “The Many Sounds of Hummingbirds.” Birds & Blooms. Accessed April 2019. http://www.birdsandblooms.com/birding/hummingbird-sounds/

National Park Service. Bryce Canyon Bird Checklist. No date. https://www.nps.gov/brca/learn/education/upload/birdlistweb.pdf

- - -. Hummingbirds Of Chamizal National Memorial. No date. https://www.nps.gov/cham/learn/nature/upload/Hummingbirds-of-Chamizal_english.pdf

- - -. “Hummingbird Monitoring in Southwestern National Parks.” Accessed April 2019. https://www.nps.gov/articles/southwest-hummingbird-monitoring.htm

Tolbert, Terry. “BLM partners monitor Utah hummingbirds.” The Wildlife Society, Accessed April 2019. https://wildlife.org/blm-partners-monitor-utah-hummingbirds/

arches

Botany: It’s Alive!  

Belnap, Joyce. “Cryptobiotic Soils: Holding the Place in Place.” United States Geological Survey,  December 9, 2016. https://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/impacts/biology/crypto/

Lathrop, Paul (Supervisory Park Ranger, Division of Interpretation and Visitor Services, Arches National Park). Email with Maygen Keller and Emily Hoff. February 2, 2019. 

National Park Service. “Biological Soil Crust of Southeast Utah.” 2019. https://www.nps.gov/articles/seug-soil-crust.htm 

- - - “Cryptobiotic Crusts.” Feb 25, 2015. https://www.nps.gov/jotr/learn/nature/cryptocrusts.htm 

Wildlife: Raven Good-Bye to a Bad Reputation

Davidson, Caryn. “Ravens.” NPS.gov, April 26, 2017. https://www.nps.gov/articles/ravens.htm 

Montanari, Shaena. “We Knew Ravens Are Smart. But Not This Smart.” National Geographic, July 13, 2017. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/07/ravens-problem-solving-smart-birds/#close 

National Park Service. “Ravens.” February 8, 2017. https://www.nps.gov/arch/learn/nature/ravens.htm 

Novak, Ann (Manager of the Edible Academy at the New York Botanical Garden). Email with Maygen Keller and Emily Hoff. January 21, 2019.

Stymacks, Amelia. “Why Ravens and Crows Are Earth’s Smartest Birds.” National Geographic, March 15, 2018. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/03/year-of-the-bird-brains-intelligence-smarts/#close 

capitol reef

Geology: Red Rock Country Decoded

Ege, Carl. “Geosights: The Amazing Monoliths And “Mountain” Of Gypsum At Lower Cathedral Valley, Capitol Reef National Park, Wayne County, Utah.” Utah Geological Survey, Survey Notes vol37, no 1 (2005). https://geology.utah.gov/map-pub/survey-notes/geosights/gypsum-mountain/

Geology In. “How Utah's Mysterious Moqui Marbles Formed?” Accessed Spring 2019. http://www.geologyin.com/2017/11/how-utahs-mysterious-moqui-marbles.html

Helmenstine, Anne Marie. “Why Is Mars Red? Chemistry of Martian Red Color.” ThoughtCo., August 6, 2018. https://www.thoughtco.com/why-mars-is-red-603792

Lane, Melissa D. “Hematite on Mars: What does it tell us?” Planetary Science Institute Newsletter volume 3, no 4 (2002), 1-2. https://www.psi.edu/sites/default/files/newsletter/winter02/Winter2002.pdf

National Park Service. Geologic Features of Capital Reef. 2016. https://www.nps.gov/care/planyourvisit/upload/Geology-features-Jan16-low-res-locked-for-web.pdf

- - -. “Land of the Sleeping Rainbow.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/care/learn/nature/sleepingrainbow.htm

Nordgren, Tyler (Astronomer/ Artist and Owner, Space Art Travel Bureau) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. June 18, 2019. 

- - -. Stars Above, Earth Below: A Guide to Astronomy in the National Parks. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing, 2010.

Sepp, Siim. “Hematite.” Sandatlas. Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.sandatlas.org/hematite/

Stand, Holly. “Utah, the red state.” Utah Public Radio, January 27, 2011. https://wildaboututah.org/tag/hematite/

U News Center. “Earth Has ‘Blueberries’ Like Mars.” University of Utah, June 16, 2004. https://archive.unews.utah.edu/news_releases/earth-has-039blueberries039-like-mars/

University of Minnesota Department of Geology. “About Hematite.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.esci.umn.edu/courses/1001/minerals/hematite.shtml

Wildlife: Rattling Gophers

Briggs, Patrick. “World Pituophis Web Page.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.freewebs.com/slitherbriggs/index.htm

California Herps.com. “Great Basin Gophersnake.” Accessed Spring 2019. http://www.californiaherps.com/snakes/pages/p.c.deserticola.html#description

Loyola Center for Environmental Communication. “Poisonous and Venomous Snakes.” Accessed Spring 2019. http://www.loyno.edu/lucec/natural-history-writings/poisonous-and-venomous-snakes

Myers, Ed (Peter Buck and Walter Rathbone Bacon Postdoctoral Fellow, National Museum of Natural History) emails with Emily Hoff. June 17, 2019. 

Moon, Brad. “Snake Locomotion.” University of Louisiana. Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~brm2286/locomotn.htm

National Park Service. “Reptiles.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/care/learn/nature/reptiles.htm

saguaro

National Park Foundation. “Iconic Cacti and Innovative Learning Collide in Arizona's Desert.” Blog, no date. https://www.nationalparks.org/connect/blog/iconic-cacti-and-innovative-learning-collide-arizonas-desert

Botany: Growing Human History

Buckley, Steve (Ecologist / Botanist, Lassen Volcanic National Park) phone call with Emily Hoff. April 4, 2019.

- - - email with Emily Hoff. April 11, 2019.

- - -. Common Plants of Saguaro National Park. Sonoran Desert Network, 2011. https://www.nps.gov/sagu/learn/nature/upload/Common-Plants-of-Saguaro-NP.pdf

Wildlife: Smell & The Gang

Buckley, Steve (Ecologist / Botanist, Lassen Volcanic National Park) emails with Emily Hoff. April 24, 2019.

National Park Service. “Javelina.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/nature/javelina.htm

- - -. “Javelina.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/sagu/learn/nature/javelina.htm

- - -. “Javelinas.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/bibe/learn/nature/javelina.htm

Scholastic Teachers Tools. “Interview with Dr. Alexine Keuroghlian.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/interview-dr-alexine-keuroghlian/

canyonlands

Geology: Desert Varnish Dreams 

Malherbe, Cédric, I. B. Hutchinson, Richard Ingley, Arnoud Boom, A. S. Carr, Howell Edwards, Bénédicte Vertruyen, B. Gilbert, and G. Eppe. "On the Habitability of Desert Varnish: A Combined Study by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and Methylated Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry." Astrobiology 17, no. 11 (2017): 1123-1137. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29039682

Mitton, Jeff. “The mystery of desert varnish.” Daily Camera, June 9, 2011. http://www.dailycamera.com/ci_18242881

National Park Service. “Desert Varnish.” Accessed 2019. https://www.nps.gov/articles/desertvarnish.htm

Nordgren, Tyler (Astronomer/ Artist and Owner, Space Art Travel Bureau) email with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. June 18, 2019. 

AAT: Desert Potholes: Waiting for a Drink

Ferguson, Lee (Supervisory Park Ranger, Arches National Park) emails with Emily Hoff. June 24, 2019. 

National Park Service. “Inside Canyonlands - Desert Potholes.” Online Video, 4:23. 2015. https://www.nps.gov/cany/learn/photosmultimedia/inside_potholes.htm

petrified forest

NASA Earth Observatory. “Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/40563/petrified-forest-national-park-arizona

Geology: Painting with all the Colors of Minerals

Acosta, Marisa (PhD Student, University of Oregon) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. April 29, 2019. July 8, 2019. 

National Park Service. “Petrified Forest: Frequently Asked Questions.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/pefo/faqs.htm

National Park Service. Petrified Wood Colors and Petrification. No date. http://scienceviews.com/parks/woodcolors.html

Mustoe, George, and Marisa Acosta. "Origin of petrified wood color." Geosciences 6, no. 2 (2016): 25.

Wildlife: Not the Dinosaurs You’re Expecting 

American Museum of Natural History. “What Makes a Dinosaur a Dinosaur?” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.amnh.org/learn-teach/curriculum-collections/dinosaurs-activities-and-lesson-plans/what-makes-a-dinosaur-a-dinosaur

Comus, Patricia Wentworth and Steven J. Phillips. A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert: Revised and Updated Edition. United Kingdom: University of California Press, 2000. https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_collared_lizard.php

Online label text, Lizards and Snakes: Alive!, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY. https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/lizards-and-snakes-alive/sight-hounds/a-world-of-sights/collared-lizard

Petrified Forest Museum Association. “Biology.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.petrifiedforestbookstore.com/biology/

mesa verde

Wildlife: A Soaring Sight for Your Eyes

Hawk Mountain Sanctuary. “Red-tailed Hawk.” Accessed December 2018.. http://www.hawkmountain.org/raptorpedia/hawks-at-hawk-mountain/hawk-species-at-hawk-mountain/red-tailed-hawk/page.aspx?id=460

The Cornell Lab. “All About Birds: Red-tailed Hawk..” Accessed December 2018.. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Red-tailed_Hawk/id

Kaufman, Kenn. “Red-tailed Hawk.” Audubon, Accessed December 2018.. https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/red-tailed-hawk 

National Park Service. “Birds of Bryce.” Accessed December 2018.. https://www.nps.gov/brca/learn/nature/birds.htm

Ponder, Julie (Executive Director, The Raptor Center) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. December 17, 2018.

AAT: Archaeoastronomy: Connecting Ancient People with the Night Sky

Munson, Gregory E. "Mesa Verde Archaeoastronomy." Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy (2015): 565-575. https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6141-8_49

Towers, Sherry. "Astronomical Alignments of the Sun Temple site in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado." architecture 16: 17. http://www.sherrytowers.com/paper_sub.pdf

carlsbad caverns

Wildlife: Birds with a Curfew

Horrocks, Rodney. (Chief of Resource Stewardship and Science, Carlsbad Caverns National Park) emails with Maygen Keller. May 30, 2019. 

Kent, David J. “The Bats and the Birds of Carlsbad Caverns.” Science Traveler, June 1, 2016. Accessed May 27, 2019. http://www.davidjkent-writer.com/2016/06/01/the-bats-and-the-birds-of-carlsbad-caverns/

National Park Service. Bat Flight Program. 2019. https://www.nps.gov/cave/planyourvisit/bat_flight_program.htm

- - -. Birds. December 17, 2017. https://www.nps.gov/cave/learn/nature/birds.htm

- - -. Cave Swallows. February 24, 2015.  https://www.nps.gov/cave/learn/nature/cave_swallows.htm 

Siber, Kate. “A Swallow’s Tale.” National Parks Conservation Association, Spring 2015. Accessed May 25, 2019. https://www.npca.org/articles/943-a-swallow-s-tale 

Strickler, Stephanie and Steve West. “Cave Swallow.” The Cornell Lab of Ornithology Birds of North America, July 29, 2011. Accessed May 25, 2019. https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/cavswa/introduction 

AAT: The Cave of Caves: Lechuguilla

Horrocks, Rodney. (Chief of Resource Stewardship and Science, Carlsbad Caverns National Park) emails with Maygen Keller. May 30, 2019. 

National Park Service. Cave / Karst Systems. December 18, 2017. https://www.nps.gov/cave/learn/nature/cave.htm

- - -. Lechuguilla Cave. July 17 2019. https://www.nps.gov/cave/learn/nature/lechuguilla_cave.htm

great sand dunes

Botany: Sandy Sunflowers

Bunch, Fred (Chief of Resource Management, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. June 7, 2019. 

Keeler, Kathy. “Plant Story--the Prairie Sunflower, Helianthus petiolaris.” A Wandering Botanist (blog), August 20, 2017. http://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2017/08/plant-story-prairie-sunflower.html

National Park Service. Great Sand Dunes Common Plants. No date. https://www.nps.gov/grsa/learn/nature/upload/common_plants_web.pdf

Ostevik, Kaite. “How do two different populations in a species become two different species?” The University of British Columbia Beatty Biodiversity Museum. Accessed Spring 2019. 

http://beatymuseum.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2016/01/Kate-Ostevik.pdf

US Department of the Interior. “The color of summer: Wildflowers on public lands.” Blog of the Interior, July 5, 2017. https://www.doi.gov/blog/color-summer-wildflowers-public-lands

big bend

Botany: Desert Torches

Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. “Plant Fact Sheet: Ocotillo.” Accessed TK. https://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Ocotillo.php

Buckley, Steve (ecologist / botanist, Lassen Volcanic National Park) email with Emily Hoff. April 24, 2019.

Matt. “Meet the Ocotillo.” In Defense of Plants (blog), April 15, 2018. http://www.indefenseofplants.com/blog/tag/Fouquieria

McDonald, Charlie. “Plant of the Week: Ocotillo.” US Forest Service. Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/fouquieria_splendens.shtml

National Park Service. “Desert Succulents.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/bibe/learn/nature/desertsucculents.htm

Plagens, Michael J. “Ocotillo.” Arizonensis.org. Accessed Spring 2019. http://www.arizonensis.org/sonoran/fieldguide/plantae/fouquieriaceae.html

San Diego Zoo. “Ocotillo.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/plants/ocotillo

AAT: Dinosaur Extinction: You’re Looking At It

Corrick, Don. “Fossil Discovery Exhibit at Big Bend National Park.” Park Paleontology News 9 (Spring 2017). https://www.nps.gov/articles/park-paleo-spring-2016-corrick-bibe.htm

Richard, Jacqueline (Lead Assistant Geology Professor, Delgado Community College) emails with Emily Hoff. June 18, 2019. 

black canyon of the gunnison

Geology: World in Motion 

Boren, Roy. “Colorado’s Black Canyon of the Gunnison.” Earth Science Picture of the Day (blog), August 14, 2017. https://epod.usra.edu/blog/2017/08/colorados-black-canyon-of-the-gunnison.html

Cook, Terri. “Colorado by Nature: Black Canyon of the Gunnison.” 5280, September 20, 2018. https://www.5280.com/2018/09/colorado-by-nature-black-canyon-of-the-gunnison/

National Park Service. “Canyon Minerals.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/blca/learn/nature/minerals.htm

Olsen, Paul Eric. “Earth's First 3.7 Billion Years.” Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory Lecture Notes. Accessed Spring 2019. http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/v1001/7.html

Richard, Jacqueline (Lead Assistant Geology Professor, Delgado Community College) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. April 28, 2019. 

- - -. “Black Canyon of the Gunnison - Geology.” YouTube video, 5:06. October 25, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_m9UFuNi54

US Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (2005). Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park & Curecanti National Recreation Area: Geologic Resources Evaluation Report. Natural Resources Report, by T. Thornberry-Ehrlich. Fort Collins, CO.  https://www.nps.gov/articles/nps-geodiversity-atlas-black-canyon-of-the-gunnison.htm

US Department of the Interior. US Geological Survey. The Black Canyon Of The Gunnison Today And Yesterday, by Wallace R. Hansen. Geological Survey Bulletin 1191. Washington, D.C., 1965. https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1191/report.pdf

AAT: Pinyon Pines: Ancient Trees Growing from Ancient Rock 

Myers, Nickolos J. (Park Ranger, Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park) emails with Emily. June 6, 2019. 

National Park Service. A Walk with Mark Warner: A Walking Guide for the Warner Point Nature Trail. No date. https://www.nps.gov/blca/planyourvisit/upload/warner_trail_guide.pdf

guadalupe mountains

Geology: Deep in the Heart of the Permian

Coleman, Mary Carol, and Cameron Coleman. Identification Guide to the Fossils of Guadalupe Mountains National Park. No date. https://www.nps.gov/gumo/learn/nature/upload/fossil_guide.pdf

Judson, Olivia. “When Texas Was at the Bottom of the Sea.” Smithsonian Magazine, January 2015. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/when-texas-was-bottom-sea-180953653/

Public Broadcasting Service. “Permian-Triassic Extinction.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/2/l_032_02.html

Richard, Jacqueline (Lead Assistant Geology Professor, Delgado Community College) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. April 28, 2019. 

- - -. “Guadalupe Mountains National Park.” YouTube video, 2:05. October 25, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_m9UFuNi54

great basin

Botany: Party like it’s 1999 (BCE)

Encyclopedia Britannica. “Cambium.” Accessed Winter 2018. https://www.britannica.com/science/cambium

Lanner, Ronald M. (tree and forest biologist/ author) emails with Maygen Keller. January 22, 2019. 

- - -. The Bristlecone Book: A Natural History of the World's Oldest Trees. MIssoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company, 2007.

National Park Service. Ancient Trees: Great Basin Bristlecone Pines. No date. https://www.nps.gov/grba/planyourvisit/upload/Ancient%20Trees%20revised%20for%20website.pdf

North Carolina Forestry Association. “Parts of a tree.” Accessed Winter 2018. https://www.ncforestry.org/teachers/parts-of-a-tree/

Storrs, Carina. “One for the Ages: Bristlecone Pines Break 4,650-Year Growth Record.” Scientific American, November 24, 2009. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/great-basin-bristlecone-pine-growth-rate-tree-line/

AAT: Night Skies: Seeing Our Cosmic Neighborhood

Nordgren, Tyler (Astronomer/ Artist and Owner, Space Art Travel Bureau) email with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. June, 2019. 

SpaceTelescope.org. “Hubble takes gigantic image of the Triangulum Galaxy.” Accessed Winter 2018. https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1901/

badlands

Geology: Mammalian Yearbook   

Benton, Rachel C., and Dennis O. Terry, Jr., Emmett Evanoff, and H. Gregory McDonald. The White River Badlands: Geology and Paleontology.” Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015. 

Foss, Scott E. Badlands Natural History Association. “The Badlands of South Dakota Fact Sheet.” Accessed October 2018.  https://www3.northern.edu/natsource/earth/Fossil1.htm

National Park Service. “Geologic Formations.” Accessed October 2018. https://www.nps.gov/badl/learn/nature/geologicformations.htm

National Park Service. “Fossils.” Accessed October 2018. https://www.nps.gov/badl/learn/nature/fossils.htm

Terry, Dennis (Associate Professor, Department of Earth & Environmental Science, Temple University) phone call with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. Oct 16, 2018.

- - - emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. November 2, 2018.

Botany: It’s a Jungle Out There 

Benton, Rachel C., and Dennis O. Terry, Jr., Emmett Evanoff, and H. Gregory McDonald. The White River Badlands: Geology and Paleontology.” Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015. 

National Park Service. “Geologic Formations.” Accessed October 2018. https://www.nps.gov/badl/learn/nature/geologicformations.htm

Terry, Dennis (Associate Professor, Department of Earth & Environmental Science, Temple University) phone call with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. Oct 16, 2018.

- - - emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. November 2, 2018. 

US Department of the Interior. US Geological Survey. The Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Interval in Badlands National Park, South Dakota, by Philip W. Stoffer, Paula Messina, John A. Chamberlain, Jr., Dennis O. Terry, Jr.. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report. Menlo Park, CA, 2001. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0056/pdf/of01-056.pdf

- - -. USGS Geology of Badlands National Park: A Preliminary Report, by Philip W. Stoffer. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report. Menlo Park, CA, 2003. http://brendans-island.com/blogsource/20150212-ff-Documents/of03-35.pdf

theodore roosevelt

Geology: Volcanic Blues

Barnes, Becky (Paleontologist, Lab Manager, North Dakota Geological Survey) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. May 14, 2019. 

Bluemle, John. “4-lignite And Petrified Wood.” North Dakota Geology (blog), May 18, 2015. http://johnbluemle.com/4-lignite-and-petrified-wood/

Laird, Wilson M. Geology Of The North Unit: Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park. 1956. https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/geology/publications/state/nd/1956-23-2/sec3.htm

Mile by Mile Media. “North Dakota Byway Highway Guide.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.milebymile.com/main/highway-820.html

National Park Service. “Caprock Coulee Nature Trail.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/thro/planyourvisit/caprock-coulee-nature-trail.htm

- - -. Coal Vein: A Guided Nature Trail. No date. https://www.nps.gov/thro/planyourvisit/upload/Coal-Vein-508.pdf

Theodore Roosevelt Nature And History Association. Caprock Coulee Nature Trail. July 2010. http://npshistory.com/brochures/thro/caprock-coulee.pdf

US Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (2007). Theodore Roosevelt National Park: Geologic Resources Evaluation Report. by Lynn K. Keller. Fort Collins, Colorado. http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/nrr-2007-006.pdf

Botany: First Comes the Fire

McGregor, Royal. “Burning coal veins being monitored, remembered.” The Dickinson Press, December 13, 2012. https://www.thedickinsonpress.com/news/1821328-burning-coal-veins-being-monitored-remembered

National Park Service. Checklist of Common Plants in Theodore Roosevelt National Park. No date. https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/nature/upload/plant%20checklist.pdf

- - -. “Plants of the Prairie Grasslands.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/kidsyouth/plants.htm

- - -. “Prairies and Grasslands.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/nature/prairies.htm

- - -. “Prescribed Fires Planned at Theodore Roosevelt National Park.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/news/prescribed-fires-planned-at-theodore-roosevelt-national-park.htm

- - -. “Theodore Roosevelt National Park Successfully Conducts Prescribed Fire After Years of Planning.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/articles/wildland-fire-thro-successfully-conducts-rxfire-2014.htm

- - -. “Wildland Fire.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/management/firemanagement.htm

Tober, D. and N. Jensen. Plant guide for little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). US Department of Agriculture. 2013. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_scsc.pdf

Skaradek, William, and Christopher Mille. Plant guide for Saltgrass Distichlis Spicata (L.) Greene. US Department of Agriculture.June 2010. https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_disp.pdf

Swanson, Daniel (Fire Ecologist, National Park Service) emails with Maygen Keller and Emily Hoff. March 19/27, 2019. 

US Department of Agriculture. Release brochure for Badlands Ecotype little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). 2013.  https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/ndpmcrb7356.pdf

US Forest Service. “Fire Effects Information System: Distichlis spicata.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/disspi/all.html

- - -. “Fire Effects Information System: Hesperostipa comata.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/hescom/all.html

- - -. “Fire Effects Information System: Juniperus scopulorum.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/junsco/all.html#FIRE%20EFFECTS

wind cave

National Geographic. “Wind Cave National Park.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/national-parks/wind-cave-national-park/ 

Wildcard: Thundering Across the Plains

American Hiking Society. “Lightning Safety,” Accessed March 2019. https://americanhiking.org/resources/lightning-safety/

Center for Science Education. “Thunder and Lightning.” Accessed March 2019. https://scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/thunder-and-lightning

- - -. “Thunderstorms.” Accessed March 2019. https://scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/thunderstorms

Martin, J.P. (Warning Coordination Meteorologist, National Weather Service) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. March 4, 2019. 

Mersereau, Dennis. “Why the Weather on the Great Plains Is So Extreme.” Mental Floss, July 6, 2017. http://mentalfloss.com/article/502515/why-weather-great-plains-so-extreme

The National Severe Storms Laboratory. “Severe Weather 101 Lightning Basics.” Accessed March 2019. https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/

- - -. “Severe Weather 101 Thunderstorm Basics.” Accessed March 2019. https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/thunderstorms/

National Weather Service. “Lightning Myths.” Accessed March 2019. https://www.weather.gov/safety/lightning-myths

Valine, William C. “Why are lightning bolts jagged instead of straight?” Scientific American, August 22, 2005. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-are-lightning-bolts-j/

Yuhas, Daisy. “Storm Scents: It's True, You Can Smell Oncoming Summer Rain.” Scientific  American, July 18, 2012. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/storm-scents-smell-rain/

Wildlife: Prairie Dogs: More than Pesky Pests

Biomimicry Institute. “Asymmetric burrow openings create passive ventilation.” Accessed March 2019. https://asknature.org/strategy/asymmetric-burrow-openings-create-passive-ventilation/#.XIrGBRNKhE6 

Llano Estacado Audubon Society. “Prairie Dog Biology Fact Sheet.” https://ci.lubbock.tx.us/storage/images/H7sagcddFTEMqEYg4PwpeOLdPpiBEPvRGefTVuea.pdf 

National Park Service. “Blacktail Prairie Dog - Cynomys ludovicianus.” Accessed March 2019. https://www.nps.gov/wica/learn/nature/blacktail-prairie-dog-cynomys-ludovicianus.htm 

- - -. Visitor Guide: Wind Cave. 2017. https://www.nps.gov/wica/planyourvisit/upload/Wind-Cave-NP-Newspaper-2017-FINAL.pdf

Schroeder, Gregory (Chief of Resource Management, Wind Cave National Park). Email with Maygen Keller, March 14, 2019. 

Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute. “Black-tailed Prairie Dog.” Accessed March 2019. https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/black-tailed-prairie-dog

voyageurs

Hemstad, Chris. A Story Written in the Rocks: The Geology of Voyageurs National Park. St. Louis: Reedy Press, 2013. 

National Park Service. “Geology.” Accessed October 2018. https://www.nps.gov/voya/learn/nature/geology.htm

- - -. “Native Plants and Fungi.” Accessed October 2018. https://www.nps.gov/voya/learn/nature/nativeplantsfungi.htm

- - -. “Nature and Science.” Accessed October 2018. https://www.nps.gov/voya/learn/nature/index.htm

- - -. “Geology.” Accessed October 2018. https://www.nps.gov/voya/learn/nature/geology.htm

Botany: All Cattails Are Not Created Equal

Brulliard, Nicolas. “Muskrats to the Rescue.” National Parks Magazine, Fall 2018. https://www.npca.org/articles/1919-muskrats-to-the-rescue

Hilty, John. “Great Bulrush.” Illinois Wildflower, Accessed November 2018. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/gt_bulrush.htm

Johnson, Alissa. “Voyageurs National Park undertakes study of invasive cattails.” Quetico Superior Wilderness News (blog), April 16, 2018. http://queticosuperior.org/blog/voyageurs-national-park-undertakes-study-invasive-cattails

Kissane, Claire. “Restoring Native Plants in Voyageurs.” Voyageurs National Park Association. June 21, 2017. Accessed October 2018. https://www.voyageurs.org/news/2017/06/21/restoring-native-plants-voyageurs

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. “Iris versicolor.” Accessed November 2018. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=irve2

National Park Service. “Cattails.” Accessed October 2018. https://www.nps.gov/voya/learn/nature/cattails.htm

- - -. “Cattail Removal to Start in Voyageurs National Park.” Accessed October 2018. https://www.nps.gov/voya/learn/news/cattail-removal-to-start-in-voyageurs-national-park.htm

Olson, Bryce (Biologist, Voyageurs National Park) phone call with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. November 8, 2018. 

- - - emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. January 30-31, 2019. 

Taylor, Kevin. “Eating indigenously changes diets and lives of Native Americans.” Al Jazeera America, October 24, 2013. http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/24/eating-indigenouslychangesdietsandlivesofnativeamericans.html

isle royale

Botany: What the Glaciers Left Behind

Johnson, Sarah (Associate Professor of Natural Resources & Biology/ Sigurd Olson Professor of Natural Science, 2018-2021, Northland College) emails with Maygen Keller and Emily Hoff. May 18, 2019.

National Park Service. “Day Hiking.” Accessed Spring 2018. https://www.nps.gov/isro/planyourvisit/day-hiking.htm

- - -. The Greenstone (Park Newspaper). 2018. https://www.nps.gov/isro/upload/ISRO_Web_Accessible_Greenstone_Newspaper_2018b.pdf

Ng, Lesley. “Chilling out by the lake: arctic-alpine disjunct plants along Lake Superior.” Ontario Parks Blog, May 8, 2019. http://www.ontarioparks.com/parksblog/arctic-alpine-disjunct-plants-of-lake-superior/

Penskar, M.R. Special Plant Abstract for Saxifraga tricuspidata (prickly saxifrage). Michigan Natural Features Inventory, 2008. https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/botany/Saxifraga_tricuspidata.pdf

Penskar, M.R. and J.A. Hansen. Special Plant Abstract for Pinguicula vulgaris (butterwort). Michigan Natural Features Inventory, 2009. https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/botany/Pinguicula_vulgaris.pdf

Penskar, M.R. and S.R. Crispin. Special Plant Abstract for Empetrum nigrum (black crowberry). Michigan Natural Features Inventory, 2009.  https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/botany/Empetrum_nigrum.pdf

US Department of the Interior. US Geological Survey. Glacial and postglacial geologic history of Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, by N. King Huber. Washington, D.C., 1973. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0754a/report.pdf

- - -. The Geologic Story of Isle Royale National Park, by N. King Huber. Washington, D.C., 1975. https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1309/report.pdf 

Valencia, Liz (Manager, Interpretation and Cultural Resources Division, Isle Royale National Park). Email with Maygen Keller, May 29, 2019.

AAT: Greenstone: Superior Volcanic Gems

D’Normand, Hollis. “The Two Greenstones of Lake Superior.” Lake Superior Magazine, February 1, 1999. https://www.lakesuperior.com/the-lake/natural-world/211-the-two-greenstones-of-lake-superior/

US Department of the Interior. US Geological Survey. The Geologic Story of Isle Royale National Park, by N. King Huber. Washington, D.C., 1975. https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1309/report.pdf

Valencia, Liz (Manager, Interpretation and Cultural Resources Division, Isle Royale National Park). Email with Maygen Keller, May 29, 2019. 

everglades

Geology: Where Molehills are Mountains  

Crawford, Alex. “The Everglades are all about Geology.” Wooster Geologist (blog), January 16, 2019. http://woostergeologists.scotblogs.wooster.edu/2019/01/16/the-everglades-are-all-about-geology/

Friends of the Everglades. “Early Formation.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.everglades.org/early_formation

Lodge, Thomas E.. The Everglades Handbook: Understanding the Ecosystem, Third Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010.

National Park Service. “Everglades Mountains and Valleys: Cypress Dome.” YouTube video, 9:46. October 26, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaEoxJFl2Pg

- - -. “Everglades Mountains and Valleys: Tropical Hardwood Hammock.” YouTube video, 9:31. October 5, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NImnYrQKjU

- - -. “Everglades Mountains and Valleys: Pine Rockland.” YouTube video, 9:00. October 12, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9jsrQfVzrI

- - -. “Hardwood Hammock.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/kidsyouth/hardwood-hammock.htm

- - -. “Geology.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/evergeology.htm

Scott, Alan (Chief of Resource Education and Interpretation, Everglades and Dry Tortugas National Parks) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. February 11, 2019. 

- - - emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. June 4, 2019. 

Wildlife:  Just Jawing Around

Britton, Adam. “Frequently Asked Questions.” Crocodilian Database, Accessed Spring 2019. http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/cbd-faq-q1.htm

Florio, Antonia (Science Liaison, Everglades National Park) and Michelle Collier ((Science Liaison, Everglades National Park) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. February 11, 2019. 

Lodge, Thomas E.. The Everglades Handbook: Understanding the Ecosystem, Third Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010.

National Park Service. “American Alligator: Species Profile.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/alligator.htm

- - -. “American Crocodile: Species Profile.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/crocodile.htm

US Geological Survey. “Do alligators and crocodiles exist together anywhere in the world?” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/do-alligators-and-crocodiles-exist-together-anywhere-world?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products

Botany: Living on the Air 

Bromeliad Society International. “What are Bromeliads?” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.bsi.org/new/what-are-bromeliads/

Caryn, Darren. “Growing on Air.” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2000. http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/airplant/default.htm

George, Jean Craighead. Everglades Wildguide: The Natural History of Everglades National Park, Florida. United States: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1988.

Holst, Bruce. A Guide to the Common Epiphytes of Florida. The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, No date. http://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/sarasota-docs/hortres/Epiphytes%20Brochure.pdf

Larson, Barbra C., and J. Howard Frank, Martin B. Main, and Ginger M. Allen. Florida’s Native Bromeliads. University of Florida, February 2016. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw205

Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. “Catopsis berteroniana (Bromeliaceae).” Accessed Spring 2019. https://selby.org/catopsis-berteroniana-bromeliaceae/

Matt. “A Hardy Tillandsia That Deserves Our Respect.” In Defense of Plants (blog), February 28, 2019. http://www.indefenseofplants.com/blog/2019/2/24/a-hardy-tillandsia-that-deserves-our-respect

National Park Service. “Bromeliads.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/bromeliads.htm

- - -. “Photo Gallery of Bromeliads .” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/media/photo/gallery.htm?pg=5190617&id=8D2734CE-1DD8-B71C-07986CDE1F5CD0F4

Sadle, Jimi (Botanist, Everglades and Dry Tortugas National Parks) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. February 11, 2019. 

mammoth cave

Geology: That Sinking Feeling

Beck, Barry. "Soil piping and sinkhole failures." In Encyclopedia of Caves, pp. 718-723. Academic Press, 2012. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123838322001067

Kentucky Geological Survey. “The Mississippian Plateau or Pennyroyal Region.” Accessed January 2019. https://www.uky.edu/KGS/geoky/regionPennyroyal.html

National Park Service. Mammoth Cave: Karst Geology. No date. https://www.nps.gov/maca/planyourvisit/upload/Karst%20Geology%20Site%20Bulletin.pdf

North, Leslie (Associate Professor of Environmental Geoscience/ Director, Karst Field Studies Program, Western Kentucky University) phone call with Emily Hoff. January 25, 2019. 

- - - emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. February 17, 2019. 

US Department of the Interior Museum. “An Unseen World Beneath Our Feet: Caves, Sinkholes, and Springs.” YouTube video, 34:53. August 12, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iP8J2S4PDWw

US Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (2011). Mammoth Cave National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report. Natural Resources Report, by T. Thornberry-Ehrlich. Fort Collins, CO. https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/440032

US Geological Survey. “Sinkholes.” Accessed January 2019. https://water.usgs.gov/edu/sinkholes.html

The Wall Street Journal. “Corvette Sinkhole Video from Security Camera.” YouTube video, 0:57. February 12, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4caS9zeFdA

Waymarking.com. “Mammoth Dome Sinkhole.” Accessed January 2019. http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMB6JH_Mammoth_Dome_Sinkhole_Mammoth_Cave_US_National_Park_KY

Wildlife: Beleaguered Bats  

Kinslow, Gina. “Scientists blitz bats at Mammoth Cave.” Glasgow Daily Times, July 26, 2017. https://www.glasgowdailytimes.com/news/scientists-blitz-bats-at-mammoth-cave/article_5d59614e-7252-11e7-b2dd-377266a47205.html

National Park Service. “Bat Projects in Parks: Mammoth Cave National Park.” Accessed Winter 2018. https://www.nps.gov/articles/bat-projects-maca.htm

- - -. “Mammals.” Accessed Winter 2018. https://www.nps.gov/maca/learn/nature/mammals.htm

- - -. “White-Nose Syndrome and Mammoth Cave.” Accessed Winter 2018. https://www.nps.gov/maca/whitenose.htm

Thomas, Steven. "Recent Winter Bat Numbers at Mammoth Cave National Park: Pre/Post White-Nose Syndrome Arrival." Mammoth Cave Research Symposia 11 (2016).

https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1153&context=mc_reserch_symp

Toomey, Rick (Cave Resource Management Specialist and Research Coordinator, Mammoth Cave National Park) emails with Maygen Keller and Emily Hoff. TK date.

Verant, Michelle (Wildlife Veterinarian, National Park Service) phone call with Maygen Keller and Emily Hoff. October 17, 2017. 

biscayne

Botany: Seeing Sea Beans

Breman, Gary (Park Ranger, Biscayne National Park) phone call with Emily Hoff. February 20, 2019. 

- - - emails with Emily Hoff. March 6, 2019.

Kinkade, Nathan. “Tropical Drift Seeds ("Sea Beans").” February/ March 2019. https://natha.nkinka.de/seabeans/

Seabean.com. Desirable Sea-beans Of Florida and the Probability of Finding Them. No date. http://www.seabean.com/locations/Florida/Desirable_Sea-Beans.pdf

- - -. “A Sea-bean Guide.” February/ March 2019. http://www.seabean.com/guide/

Silk, Robert. (author) phone call with Emily Hoff. February 23, 2019.

AAT: Jellyfish: Snacking on Sunlight

Breman, Gary (Park Ranger, Biscayne National Park) emails with Emily Hoff. May 23-26, 2019.

Monterey Bay Aquarium. “Upside-down jelly.” March 2019. https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animal-guide/invertebrates/upside-down-jelly

congaree

Nativeamericannetroots.net. “Carolina Indians in 1700.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://nativeamericannetroots.net/diary/1609

Wildlife: Sliders, Cooters, and Snappers

Kanter, Rob. “Appreciating Common Snapping Turtles.” Illinois Public Media, May 25, 2017. https://will.illinois.edu/environmentalalmanac/program/appreciating-common-snapping-turtles

Manchester, Jonathan (Interpretive Park Ranger, Congaree National Park) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. March 8/13, 2019. 

Missouri Department of Conservation. “Eastern River Cooter.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/eastern-river-cooter

Savannah River Ecology Laboratory. “Species Profile: Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina).” Accessed Spring 2019. https://srelherp.uga.edu/turtles/tercar.htm

- - -. “Species Profile: River Cooter (Pseudemys concinna).” Accessed Spring 2019. https://srelherp.uga.edu/turtles/psecon.htm

- - -. “Species Profile: Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta).” Accessed Spring 2019. https://srelherp.uga.edu/turtles/trascr.htm

Yong, Ed. “How the turtle got its shell through skeletal shifts and muscular origami.” Not Exactly Rocket Science (blog), July 9, 2009. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2009/07/09/how-the-turtle-got-its-shell-through-skeletal-shifts-and-muscular-origami/

AAT: Bald Cypress: Tall, Colorful, and Mysterious

Manchester, Jonathan (Interpretive Park Ranger, Congaree National Park) emails with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. June 4, 2019.

Yale Nature Walk. “Bald Cypress.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://naturewalk.yale.edu/trees/cupressaceae/taxodium-distichum/bald-cypress-69

dry tortugas

Wildlife: Animal, Vegetable, Mineral

Bruckner, Andrew. “Corals without Skeletons.” Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation. Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.livingoceansfoundation.org/corals-without-skeletons/

Johnson, Meaghan (Fisheries Biologist, Dry Tortugas National Park) emails with Emily Hoff. July 16, 2019. 

- - - emails with Emily Hoff. August 27, 2019. 

National Park Service. “Corals.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.nps.gov/drto/learn/nature/corals.htm

Smithsonian Ocean Portal. “Corals and Coral Reefs.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/corals-and-coral-reefs

Teara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. “Polyp and medusa body shapes.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://teara.govt.nz/en/diagram/4721/polyp-and-medusa-body-shapes

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. "Scientists pinpoint how ocean acidification weakens coral skeletons." ScienceDaily. Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180129154007.htm

AAT: Frigatebirds: Soaring High and Dry

The Cornell Lab. “All About Birds: Magnificent Frigatebird.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Magnificent_Frigatebird/id

Kaufman, Kenn. “Magnificent Frigatebird.” Audubon, Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/magnificent-frigatebird

american samoa

University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Botany Department. “Higher Plants and Ferns of National Park of American Samoa.” Accessed Spring 2019. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/htms/npsapln2/index.htm

Wildlife: Fantastic Flying Foxes

Animal Diversity Web. “Pteropus tonganus: Pacific flying fox.” University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Accessed Spring 2019. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pteropus_tonganus/

Craig, Peter. Natural history guide to American Samoa. National Park of American Samoa, Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa Community College, 2005. https://www.nps.gov/npsa/learn/education/upload/NatHistGuideAS09.pdf

iNaturalist. “Pteropus samoensis.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/40904-Pteropus-samoensis

Samoa News. “Samoa: Flying foxes slaughtered at their most vulnerable.” April 8, 2013. http://www.samoanews.com/samoa-flying-foxes-slaughtered-their-most-vulnerable

Tuaua, Pua (Ranger, National Park of American Samoa) emails with Maygen Keller. June 12, 2019.

AAT: Navigating Night Skies: Southern Hemisphere Edition

Constellation Guide. “The Southern Cross.” Accessed Spring 2019. https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-southern-cross/

Craig, Peter. Natural history guide to American Samoa. National Park of American Samoa, Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa Community College, 2005. https://www.nps.gov/npsa/learn/education/upload/NatHistGuideAS09.pdf

wrangell st. elia’s

Botany: Summer’s Timekeeper

Crawford, Betsey. “The Alaska icon: fireweed.” The Soul of the Earth (blog), September 3, 2015. https://thesouloftheearth.com/the-alaska-icon-fireweed/

Hollis. “Fecund Fireweed’s Far-flung Seeds.” In the Company of Plants and Rocks (blog), August 3, 2016. http://plantsandrocks.blogspot.com/2016/08/fecund-fireweeds-far-flung-seeds.html

Houck, Amy O’Neill. “Finding Fireweed - The Phoenix of Foraging.” Edible Alaska (blog), March 22, 2018. http://ediblealaska.ediblecommunities.com/things-do/finding-fireweed-phoenix-foragin

Ketron, Caroline (Biological Sciences Technician, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve) emails with Emily Hoff. June 20, 2019. 

Olson, Shawn, and Ben Shaine. Community & Copper in a Wild Land: McCarthy, Kennecott and Wrangell-St. Elias National Park & Preserve, Alaska. The Wrangell Mountains Center, 2005. https://www.nps.gov/wrst/learn/nature/upload/Community-Copper-In-A-Wild-Land-book.pdf

katmai

Geology: Lightweight Tales of Heat and Power

Fierstein, Judy. (Research Geologist, US Geological Survey) emails with Emily Hoff. May 21, 2019. 

Kaufman, Mark. “Volcanic Leftovers at Brooks Camp.” Katmai Terrane (blog), June 22, 2015. https://www.nps.gov/katm/blogs/volcanic-leftovers-at-brooks-camp.htm

National Park Service. “Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes and the 1912 Novarupta-Katmai Eruption.” Accessed April/May 2019. https://www.nps.gov/katm/learn/nature/valley-of-ten-thousand-smokes.htm

US Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Katmai National Park and Preserve and Alagnak Wild River: Geologic Resources Inventory Report. Natural Resource Report, by Hults, C. P. and J. Fierstein. Fort Collins, Colorado, 2016. https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/560241

US Department of the Interior. US Geological Survey. The Novarupta-Katmai Eruption of 1912—Largest Eruption of the Twentieth Century: Centennial Perspectives, by Hildreth, Wes and Judy Fierstein. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1791. Reston, Virginia, 2012. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1791/pp1791.pdf

kobuk valley

Alaska.org. “Kobuk Valley National Park” Accessed Spring 2019. 

http://www.alaska.org/destination/kobuk-valley-national-park

lake clark

sources to be updated soon!

gates of the arctic

Wildcard: Seeing the Dark 

Byrd, Deborah, and Bruce McClure. “All you need to know: Zodiacal Light.” EarthSky, September 4, 2019. https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/everything-you-need-to-know-zodiacal-light-or-false-dawn

Imster, Eleanor. “Saturn Riding the Dark Horse.” EarthSky, September 6, 2017. https://earthsky.org/todays-image/saturn-riding-the-dark-horse-nebula-photo

King, Bob. “Paddle the Milky Way’s Dark River.” Sky and Telescope, July 13, 2016. https://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/a-trip-down-the-great-rift/

McClure, Bruce. “Dark Rift in the Milky Way.” EarthSky, July 31, 2019. https://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/the-great-rift-in-the-milky-way

Nordgren, Tyler. (Astronomer/ Artist and Owner, Space Art Travel Bureau) email with Emily Hoff and Maygen Keller. June 18, 2019. 

Tate, Carl. “Aurora Guide: How the Northern Lights Work (Infographic).” Space.com, June 7, 2012. https://www.space.com/15213-northern-lights-aurora-guide-infographic.html

US Department of the Interior. National Park Service. State of the Park Report Kobuk Valley national Park Alaska. State of the Park Reports. No. 45. Washington, D.C., 2017. https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/578604

- - -. State of the Park Report Lake Clark National Park and Preserve Alaska. State of the Park Reports. No. 28. Washington, D.C., 2016. https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/578603

- - -. State of the Park Report Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve Alaska. State of the Park Reports. No. 49. Washington, D.C., 2017. https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/583292